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Zimbabwe’s current focus on beneficiation taxes ignores the foundational need for state-led exploration, stifling the sector’s growth before it even begins, Mining Zimbabwe can report.
By Rudairo Mapuranga
A fundamental misalignment in Zimbabwe’s mining policy is putting the cart before the horse. The government’s intense focus on enforcing value addition through export taxes on concentrates, such as the 10% levy on chrome and lithium, addresses a late-stage problem while ignoring the critical early-stage crisis.
The primary concern should not be how to tax what is being mined, but how to dramatically increase what can be mined in the first place. A thriving, expanded mining sector is the only viable foundation for a successful value-addition strategy.
By fixating on penalties for a lack of processing, the government is inadvertently weakening the very base it hopes to transform. The conversation must shift back to the true starting point: a sovereign, strategic, and aggressively funded national exploration drive.
Without discovering and proving new resources, talk of beneficiation is premature. The economy, not a single mine, must be the central prize, and that begins with knowing what lies beneath.
The current policy framework assumes a mature, cash-rich industry ready for refinement. In reality, Zimbabwe’s mining sector is under-explored and under-capitalised, especially among indigenous players.
The Premature Beneficiation Tax: Levying a 10% tax on concentrates is a growth tax that comes too early in the value chain. For a sector needing billions in capital for basic exploration and development, this levy extracts scarce capital that should be risked on discovering and proving new orebodies. It makes developing complex minerals like lithium or PGM concentrates less viable, especially for local miners who lack access to cheap capital. This policy effectively channels indigenous miners towards gold, where the state handles refining via Fidelity Gold Refinery, and away from the very minerals central to the global energy transition.
The Arcadia Lesson in Sovereignty and Missed Opportunity: The Arcadia Lithium Mine’s journey from discovery to a USD400 million sale is instructive. Prospect Resources, an Australian firm, bore the risk, cost, and expertise to explore and develop the asset, reaping the ultimate financial reward. This model cedes sovereign wealth creation to foreign entities. The state’s role was reduced to regulator and future tax collector, not creator. Had a state-backed entity executed that exploration and development, the proceeds from a sale could have been reinvested into a sovereign fund to seed the next ten projects. The state must move from being a passive collector of rents to an active creator of mining assets.
The Glaring Omission: Zero Investment in Exploration: The most telling indicator of misplaced priorities is the budgetary neglect of exploration. The Ministry of Mines and Mining Development’s Mining Promotion Corporation (MPC) and the Geological Survey Department are starved of the funds needed to conduct modern, pre-competitive geoscientific surveys. Exploration is the research and development (R&D) of mining; no nation has built a knowledge-based economy without investing in R&D. By not investing here, Zimbabwe outsources the most value-generating phase of the mining cycle and remains ignorant of its full mineral potential, forever reacting to discoveries made by others.
Successful mining economies understand that a strong, knowledge-based public sector in mining is non-negotiable. They invest first to grow the pie.
Australia: The Public-Private Partnership Model
Australia’s mining supremacy is built on a bedrock of public data.
Geoscience Australia as the Pioneer: The federal agency spends hundreds of millions annually on airborne geophysical surveys, geochemical sampling, and deep geological mapping. This data is made public, de-risking the initial, most speculative phase of exploration for private companies worldwide. The state acts as the initial risk-taker, creating a gravitational pull for global investment. The goal is to maximise discovery, knowing each find expands the economic base for decades.
Supportive, Not Punitive, Downstream Policy: Only after a robust pipeline of resources is secured does policy encourage processing, achieved through co-investment in research (via CSIRO) and infrastructure, not punitive taxes on raw exports.
China: The Integrated Strategic Model
China views exploration as a matter of national security and industrial policy.
State-Directed Exploration: Through its state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and geological institutes, China directs massive resources towards strategic mineral exploration both domestically and abroad. The goal is not short-term revenue but long-term secured supply for its manufacturing juggernaut.
Control from Mine to Market: Exploration success allows China to control the entire value chain. The profits from mining, processing, and manufacturing are captured within its national industrial ecosystem, with the state as a central player, not a bystander.
Both models show that the state’s first role is to be an investor in knowledge and opportunity creation, establishing the foundation upon which private capital and value addition can securely build.
To shift the centre from mining to the economy, Zimbabwe must launch a national project centred on sovereign exploration. The Mutapa Investment Fund must be transformed from a holding company into the nation’s primary engine for mineral discovery.
Mandate and Capitalise Mutapa for Exploration: Mutapa’s primary mining mandate should be clear: to fund high-risk, high-reward greenfield exploration. It should be capitalised through:
A fixed percentage of all existing mineral royalties.
Proceeds from future asset sales (learning from the Arcadia model).
Direct budgetary allocations, treating this as the highest-priority national infrastructure investment.
Empower the Technical Arms (MPC & Geological Survey): Mutapa must work through and massively fund the Ministry of Mines’ MPC and the Geological Survey Department. Their task is to:
Conduct nationwide airborne geophysical and spectroscopic surveys.
Identify and stake high-potential greenfield claims on behalf of the state.
Build a world-class public geodata portal to attract global junior explorers.
The New State Mining Model: Explore, Prove, Monetise: The state’s role should evolve into:
Phase 1: Explore: Use Mutapa capital to fund initial surveys and drilling on state-held ground.
Phase 2: Prove: Once a resource is identified, use further investment or form strategic partnerships to fund feasibility studies.
Phase 3: Monetise: Then, and only then, auction the proven project to the highest-bidder developer (with value-addition commitments), or take a carried equity stake. The returns replenish the Mutapa fund, creating a perpetual cycle of investment.
Reform Tax Policy to Incentivise Growth: With a pipeline of state-discovered projects coming online, the focus of fiscal policy can shift:
Suspend or drastically reduce concentrate taxes for new mines for a capital-recovery period.
Implement a simple, transparent royalty regime, using a portion to feed the Mutapa exploration fund and creating a direct link between mining revenue and future discovery.
Zimbabwe stands at a crossroads. It can continue as a tax collector on a constrained mining base, debating how to slice a modest pie. Or it can become a treasure hunter, using its sovereign wealth to discover and expand that pie exponentially.
The 10% beneficiation tax on a stagnant sector is a symbol of limited ambition. A Mutapa-led national exploration drive, funded with urgency and purpose, is a declaration of boundless potential.
The economy can only be placed at the centre if the state first invests in uncovering the full scale of the wealth that can fuel it. It is time to invest in the beginning, to fund the search, so that the benefits of refining and processing will one day be debated from a position of strength and abundance.
