At a time when the mining industry is grappling with how to responsibly integrate artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) into broader economic and regulatory frameworks, Caledonia Mining Corporation has stepped forward with a structured and sustainable approach, Mining Zimbabwe can report.
By Rudairo Mapuranga
Highlighted in its 2024 Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) report, Caledonia’s strategy sets an example of how formalisation, compliance, and partnership can transform ASM from a risky informal activity into a legitimate contributor to local development.
Rather than relying on punitive enforcement to curb illegal mining, Caledonia supports formalisation through legal tribute agreements as outlined in Zimbabwe’s Mines and Minerals Act (Chapter 21:05). These agreements allow registered mining claim holders to grant mining rights to other parties under clearly defined and regulated conditions. Typically, the tribute miner pays 5% of their proceeds as royalties to the claim holder. This process not only ensures a legal route for ASM operations but also enhances transparency and economic inclusion.
Caledonia’s approach ensures that all ASM activities conducted on its claims are formally registered with the Ministry of Mines and Mining Development. This legal recognition is a crucial step in ensuring accountability and safety within the ASM sector. Tribute miners operating under this model are required to adhere strictly to Zimbabwe’s Mines and Minerals Act and the Environmental Management Act, thereby meeting the country’s minimum standards for labour, safety, and environmental protection.
Importantly, Caledonia maintains no direct operational or financial involvement in ASM activities. The company does not manage, oversee, or fund these operations, with all oversight remaining the responsibility of the Ministry of Mines. In addition, Caledonia has taken a firm stance by not purchasing gold from artisanal miners. This decision is aimed at preventing the risks associated with unregulated supply chains, such as illicit trade and non-compliant gold production.
Central to Caledonia’s strategy is a collaborative mindset. The company recognises that lasting solutions in ASM require the active involvement of government authorities, community representatives, and environmental agencies. By engaging these stakeholders, Caledonia ensures that ASM operations align with regional socio-economic goals while minimising ecological harm.
As the conversation around ASM in Zimbabwe and the wider region continues to grow, Caledonia Mining Corporation offers a model that balances economic opportunity with responsibility. Its transparent, structured, and legally compliant approach demonstrates that it is possible to support local livelihoods while maintaining the integrity of Zimbabwe’s mining sector.
Caledonia is not only extracting gold—it is helping reshape how small-scale mining is integrated into the future of sustainable mining in Africa.
