Zimbabwe Diamond and Allied Minerals Workers Union (ZDAMWU) has engaged with the government over the casualisation of labour in the mining sector stating that most employers are making workers sign consecutive fixed-term contracts on end.
By Shantel Chisango
In a letter addressed to the government, Legal and Grievances Officer Mr. Tsaurai mentioned that casualisation of labour in the mining sector is due to the fact that the National Employment Council ( NEC) has not set limits on a number of fixed-term contracts, therefore employees end up working for several years but being made to sign fixed-term contracts.
Section 12( 3a) of the Labour Act states that an employee engaged on the basis of a casual contract is deemed to have become an employee on a contract of employment without limit of time on the day that his or her period of engagement with a particular employer exceeds a total of six weeks in any four consecutive months. He added that fixed-term contracts are mostly for temporary work or seasonal work, but the mining sector is these contracts by engaging workers on short term contracts, thereby destroying job security.
Tsauri further said that when they approached NEC last year on 10 December concerning this matter, they were not attended to.
ZDAMWU also urged the government to exercise its power by attending to this matter as soon as possible since NEC has not been helpful due to the fact that its Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) is outdated.
NEC is a statutory body established in terms of Section 57 of the Labour Act [chapter 28:01]. It comprises a registered employers’ organization namely the Federation of Master Printers of Zimbabwe which advances employers’ rights and interests and the Zimbabwe Graphical Workers Union, a registered trade Union that advances the rights and interests of the employees in the Printing, Packaging and Newspaper Industry.
ZDAMWU is an organisation that helps in addressing challenges being faced by retired and current workers in the mining sector in Zimbabwe.
A Chinese man got access to a chlorite quartz mine and bought a local man, Mr Honamombe two loaves, local opaque beer “Super” as a token of appreciation.
The incident that shook the local community took place in the Nyanga North Ruwange area.
Honamombe and his friends had previously dealt with the Chinese man selling him the healing stone thrice before until the Asian national persuaded Honamombe to show him where he was getting the stone.
Speaking to a source privy to the issue, Honamombe only realised too late after being confronted that he had made a costly mistake.
“We sold Zhou the Chinese man chlorite quartz three times before and were surprised to see him at the chlorite mine location in the company of Honamombe with 2 loaves and Super Chibuku,” said the source.
When confronted on why he had given away a valuable source of wealth for paltry foodstuff when they could have made a fortune from selling the stone only then did Honamombe realise his mistake. Zhou then rushed to peg the area and started moving equipment to the site.
Honamombe an ex-soldier then only recently moved to purchase a prospecting licence but it was too late.
The incident is a typical example of minerals getting taken from locals without getting any meaningful returns. This is mainly because many Zimbabweans do not know the value of minerals surrounding them and nothing much is being done to conscientise local communities of mineral wealth they have in their areas.
Commenting on the development Mines and Mining Development Parliamentary Portfolio Committee Chairman Hon Edmond Mkaratigwa said,
“It looks like an allegory and in fact more of a joke. The root cause of such eventualities includes incapacity less in terms of knowledge but more on unlocking the value of what they have and own as well as the inability to access relevant institutions.
“I have personally come across many and in that case, Women and Land, a local NGO intervened but agreements were already concluded. They can make money by investing in the sector but the main question is how? One of the easiest options is where the government has a full database of such national resources and with existing policy frameworks, if EIAs are duly conducted, such irregularities can be exposed. Community-based natural resources management is also another option but the country can strengthen the option found best.
Asked on what can be done to support Mining as is in Agriculture Mkaratigwa said similar models can be borrowed from Agriculture for the betterment of the mining sector.
“Like agriculture, some of the models can be borrowed. One of such is whereby a communal equipment base is set and miners can borrow for use for a fee, whenever they need the equipment. The other way is locally producing small-scale suited mining equipment which can be cheaper and locally maintained. That cuts the miners’ bills and allows circulation of foreign currency locally with positive effects on gold pricing and gold delivery payment models”.
“The case in point speaks to an aspect of contracts. All mineral resources belong to the state hence there is also a need of course to cascade mining issues to local levels. In this case, I still stand to be guided whether this was a commercial farmer or a communal landholder as both cases must have safeguards regarding uses of land and its transfer to other landholders,” Mkaratigwa concluded.
Premier African Minerals Ltd, is pleased to announce the formal grant of an Exclusive Prospecting Order No. 1779 (EPO) over an area that encompasses the Zulu Lithium and Tantalum claims (Zulu) in the Fort Rixon district of Zimbabwe for a period of three years with effect from 12 March 2021 to 11 March 2024. Details of the grant of the EPO have contained in the Zimbabwe Government Gazette published last week.
George Roach, Chief Executive of Premier commented:
“I am deeply appreciative of the Zimbabwe Government for the granting of this substantial EPO and Premier will reciprocate with mobilization for the commencement of the Definitive Feasibility Study (“DFS”) on the Zulu deposit which has an estimated completion time of 14 months. The EPO area is described in more detail below, and it is important that there are further known lithium-bearing pegmatites offering upside to Zulu as well as historic small gold mines, potential molybdenite and many scheelite (a tungsten mineral) occurrences within the area.
Zulu remains a significant deposit. Premier has previously published an in-house maiden Inferred mineral resource estimate prepared in accordance with SAMREC of 20.1 million tonnes grading 1.06% lithium oxide and 51 ppm Ta₂O₅ using a cut-off grade of 0.5% Li₂O. Since the maiden Mineral Resource Estimate, the geological model has been optimised as at least six new zones of lithium mineralisation have been discovered, supporting an exploration target of up to 80 million tonnes. Test work conducted by Anzaplan in Germany on behalf of Premier confirmed that low iron spodumene concentrates of up to 6.5% contained Lithium equivalent was attainable and an independent scoping study prepared by Bara Consulting for Zulu was most encouraging.
The granting of the EPO reaffirms the Zimbabwean Government policy that Zimbabwe is open for business and further supports the Ministry of Mines policy of creating a US$12 billion mining economy by 2023.
Premier expects to provide details in regard to further developments associated with Zulu and full details of the terms and conditions associated with the grant of the EPO in the near future.”
About Zulu EPO
The EPO area is prospective for and has a history of producing other minerals. The opportunities are briefly summarised below and are based on Bulletin 61 published by N.M Harrison of the Rhodesia Geological Survey, titled “The Geology of the Country around Fort Rixon and Shangani” in 1969 and which has not been independently verified by the Company.
LCT Pegmatites
Besides the Zulu Lithium, Caesium and Tantalum (“LCT”) Pegmatite), the EPO area has two other main LCT showings, the Deep Purple pegmatite veins and the Altyr pegmatite veins. Deep Purple is situated some 5km south-east of Zulu, Altyr is situated some 12 km south of Zulu. The first showing is small but according to the Bulletin of the Geological Survey (1969) is said to contain remarkably high lithium, caesium, tantalum, and beryllium grades. Altyr is somewhat larger and contains visibly identifiable amounts of spodumene, petalite and lepidolite, the three main lithium-bearing minerals of economic interest.
Further to these, there are many more small lithium-bearing pegmatites sub-outcropping north, east and south of Zulu. None of these have ever been tested to determine whether they are part of large pegmatite bodies. Particularly the eastern two-thirds of the EPO are mainly flat and covered by a thick layer of soil that makes any visual identification of lithium-bearing pegmatites impossible. Only systematic exploration of the EPO will help to discover more pegmatites of economic potential.
According to the geological interpretation of the EPO, Premier believes based on its own interpretation that LCT pegmatites could occur over a strike length of 24km, i.e., over the whole length of the EPO. Gold
The most western part of the EPO is underlain by a small part of the so-called Fort Rixon gold belt where industrial gold mining took place since the late 19th century. There are more than 100 small to medium-sized gold mines in this belt, none of them have been mined on an industrial scale since the 1960s. However, artisanal gold mining is carried out by the local population at many of these mines.
Besides an unknown number of new sites of artisanal gold mining and according to the Bulletin of the Geological Survey (1969), the EPO is known to host at least 6 old gold mines:
Mine
Tonnage mined (metric tons)
Average grade (g/t)
Acorn
1584
3.92
Cakewalk
2856
5.74
Morsel
7913
5.74
Pioneer
8651
3.65
Sheepskin
356
1.91
Walkover
9940
6.56
Presently, the Pioneer mine seems to be the most active site of artisanal gold mining. It is estimated that more than 200 local gold miners successfully exploit high-grade quartz reefs and veins.
Molybdenum
The mineral molybdenite, the principal molybdenum ore mineral, is known from the Zulu pegmatites in small, non-economic quantities since the 1950s. However, one diamond drill hole (ZDD37) intercepted up to 20m thick epidosites with disseminated molybdenite mineralization. This mineralization is most likely related to metasomatic processes due to the intrusion of the massive granitic pluton situated just north of the Zulu concession.
Careful exploration of the EPO could possibly unveil sites with economic molybdenum mineralization.
Tungsten
Since the 1950s, the Zulu pegmatites are known to carry small uneconomic quantities of scheelite, one of the two principal tungsten ore minerals. According to the Bulletin of the Geological Survey (1969), quite a few of the abandoned gold mines seem to be rich in scheelite, although no grades were given. Exploration of the EPO will demonstrate whether exploitable scheelite occurrences exist.
Other
Process test work by Anzaplan on Zulu pegmatites has shown that they contain large amounts of high-quality quartz and feldspar. Both could become potential by-products of the Zulu mine. The other pegmatites of the region could also contain beryl, the principal beryllium ore mineral, and coloured gemstones like topaz, tourmaline, and others. Where the pegmatites are closely situated to ultramafic sequences, emerald may occur.
Publish What You Pay Zimbabwe (PWYP) has called for the government to publish all mining contracts while defying all policies that hinder transparency as well as accountability saying lack of transparency results in distrust in the mining sector.
By Shantel Chisango
PWYP Vice-Chairperson Cosmas Sunguro on Twitter said, “We choose to challenge the policies and institutions that stifle transparency and accountability in the extractive mining industry.”
“Lack of transparency results in distrust, therefore the mining contracts must be publicised,” he added.
Running with the theme of transparency and accountability in the mining sector, Mr Sunguro underpinned the importance of benefit sharing in the mining sector.
“Benefit sharing is a notion found in the Convention on Biological diversity, article 15 sets out rules which govern access and benefit-sharing,” said Sunguro.
There should be an open book policy when it comes to the negotiation of contracts, contractual obligations, and clear outlines of how the nation at large and communities specifically are going to benefit from the mining operations of a company.
PWYP Zimbabwe was founded in 2011 around the need to promote and protect the political, economic, social, environmental, and cultural rights of communities affected by extraction.
The coalition has focused much of its efforts on improving mining legislation, such as the proposed Diamond Revenue Bill, the Mines and Minerals Amendment Bill, the mineral policy, and the constitutional reform process.
It also advocates for reform of existing laws that hinder transparency and public participation, such as the Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act and the Public Order and Security Act.
Zimbabwe Environmental Law Association (ZELA) has said it is the Parliament’s inescapable duty to enforce compliance by all private and public companies through its legislative and oversight function.
By Shantel T Chisango
Speaking on its social media platform Twitter handle, ZELA made emphasis on the parliament secretariat getting expert training on transparency and accountability in the mining sector.
Member of Parliament Mr. Austin Zvoma has said that it is the mandate of the parliament and its committees to take note of the activities that transpire in state-owned properties engaging in the mining industry and hold them accountable.
“Mr. Zvoma notes that the @ParliamentZim and its committees are obliged to scrutinize the operations of State-owned operations involved in mining and hold them accountable.”
Furthermore, ZELA said the Officer of the Auditor has been recording cases of non-compliance with management policies by some mining companies.
The mining sector’s compliance with transformation targets is under substantial scrutiny. Prompted by criticism on the slow progress demonstrated by the sector to transform, (Nthabiseng Violet Moraka:2015).
Zimbabwe miners are over the moon after the government approved and granted 25 EPOs.
The announcement through the government gazette general notice read, “It is hereby notified that the Minister of Mines and Mining Development, with authorization from the President, has in terms of section 90(2) of Mines and Minerals Act [Chapter 21:05] issued Exclusive Prospecting Orders.”
The approved EPOs are as follows:-
EPO number 1760
EPO number 1761
EPO number 1762
EPO number 1763
EPO number 1764
EPO number 1765
EPO number 1767
EPO number 1768
EPO number 1769
EPO number 1770
EPO number 1771
EPO number 1779
EPO number 1780
EPO number 1782
EPO number 1783
EPO number 1784
EPO number 1785
EPO number 1786
EPO number 1787
EPO number 1790
EPO number 1806
EPO number 1807
EPO number 1808
EPO number 1809
EPO number 1810
All EPOs will be valid until 11th March 2024.
Speaking on the development Zimbabwe Miners Federation (ZMF) President Ms Henrietta Rushwaya expressed gratitude to the government for finally heeding miners’ call.
“We would like to extend our gratitude to the government of Zimbabwe for finally listening to our pleas on EPO’s that had span into decades.
Since 1994, no EPO had been granted. The Minister of Mines and Mining Development, through the Mining Affairs board, has finally heard our pleas and issued a Government Gazette General notice of 328 of 2021 where 25EPO’s have been granted.
We wish to extend our gratitude to the Head of State for doing the needful. This clearly demonstrates that he is indeed a listening President.
On behalf of the Zimbabwe Miners Federation we would like to say, Thank You and we await the release of the rejected ones so that our Small-scale Miners can benefit and contribute towards the 12 Billion industry by 2023 Mining target” said Rushwaya in a statement.
The granting of EPOs will give small-scale miners the opportunity to apply for land that is not being used by the EPO holder.
A year ago, Tesla surprised the electric car industry when it announced some Model 3s made in its Shanghai factory will be equipped with lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries made by China’s Contemporary Amperex Technology (CATL).
While cheaper to manufacture, LFP seemed at odds with Tesla’s sporty, luxury image.
Apart from buses and special purpose vehicles, LFP is associated with tiny (and probably tinny) city runabouts like Wuling‘s Hong Guang Mini EV (jv with GM) which this year overtook the Model 3 as China’s bestselling EV.
NCM (nickel-cobalt-manganese) and NCA (nickel-cobalt-aluminum) dominate the market for electric cars and LFP fares badly against ternary cathode batteries in terms of energy density – and therefore range and charging.
Due to the technology’s shortcomings, there were doubts whether the LFP Model 3 would qualify for full Chinese subsidies, which kick in above 165Wh/kg. No subsidy would negate savings made on the battery.
NCA AND NCM EQUIPPED MODEL 3S SOLD OVER THE THREE MONTHS CAME WITH $74 MILLION WORTH OF NICKEL AND ANOTHER $21 MILLION WORTH OF COBALT
Isn’t it iron
Fast forward to today, and Tesla’s gamble has been an unqualified success.
The strategy was prescient – cobalt and nickel prices (despite Tsingshan surprising the market with new matte capability) have rallied hard over the past year and competition over secure, long-term supply is more fierce than ever as EV sales reach a tipping point.
Tesla CEO Elon Musk has expressed worry about nickel supply on a few occasions in recent months and last week touted LFP as the future for “standard range” Teslas.
In December, only its second full month of sales, the 55KWh LFP-battery Tesla Model 3 captured 5.9% of the global full electric car market in terms of battery capacity deployed despite not being for sale in the US, according to data supplied by Adamas Intelligence.
Boosted by deliveries to Europe, it made up 46% of all Model 3 sales in January and an astonishing 32% (December it was 47%) of the battery capacity in all LFP-equipped cars worldwide.
That lifted LFP’s overall share of the global battery market in terms of capacity to 18.5% in January, according to Adamas, which tracks demand for EV batteries by chemistry, cell supplier and capacity in over 90 countries.
That’s from only around 1% at the beginning of last year and 3% in June.
Source: Adamas Intelligence
Alla Kolesnikova, Head of Data and Analytics at Adamas, says 2020 saw a resurgence of LFP in China:
“LFP battery capacity deployed onto roads increased six-fold and we continue to see cathode manufacturers ramping up output and a growing list of the automakers in China announcing upcoming model-versions that will incorporate LFP cells. Among the more prominent are Xpeng, Seres and VW.”
Cheaper by the watt
Using Adamas data on the loadings of raw materials and battery capacity deployed for the three chemistries in Model 3s sold worldwide, it is possible to calculate what the company saves by using LFP.
Adamas only includes end-user registered EVs in the data, not projections from production figures or from the wholesale market. In November, December and January more than 125,000 Model 3s found new owners.
Lithium and graphite application in the three batteries – CATL LFP, Panasonic Gen 3 NCA and LG Energy Solutions NCM 8-series – are broadly on par.
“THE LFP MARKET NEEDS TO WORK TWICE AS HARD AS THE HIGH-NICKEL MARKET TO CAPTURE MARKET SHARE”
Alla Kolesnikova, Head of Data and Analytics, Adamas Intelligence
Using the February Benchmark Mineral Intelligence index prices show a notional value of more than $45 million for the lithium and graphite in all Model 3’s sold during those months.
However, the longer range, high-performance NCA and NCM equipped Model 3s sold over the three months came with $74 million worth of nickel and another $21 million worth of cobalt (manganese sulfate was less than $1m for the period).
Cobalt has shot up in price this year to more than $65,000 a tonne, while nickel in the battery supply chain traded north of $20,000 in February, according to Benchmark.
Without an LFP variant in the mix, Tesla and its battery suppliers’ outlay on nickel, cobalt and manganese would have been north of $125 million.
Tesla has a habit of cutting prices – more than a dozen times last year – to move stock, with LFP they have lots of room to continue this strategy.
Kolesnikova says cathode-related innovation is thriving on both LFP and nickel-rich fronts and and the market is calling for both:
“It’s worth bearing in mind however that the sales weighted battery capacity of the average LFP-powered EV is just half that of the average high-nickel NCM/NCA powered EV so the LFP market needs to work twice as hard as the high-nickel market to capture market share.”
LFP turns a corner
Kevin Gunan Shang, an analyst at Roskill, says battery and automakers in China have quickly latched onto Tesla’s success with LFP and are racing to increase capacity.
LFP TAKEUP OUTSIDE CHINA IS ALSO EXPECTED TO RISE WITH THE EXPIRY OF A CRUCIAL LFP PATENT IN 2022
A new study by the London-HQed mineral and chemical market research firm shows announced LFP cathode and precursor material manufacturing capacity is up 10-fold in January-February 2021, compared to the same two months last year.
The technology itself has also made great strides with so-called ‘cell-to-pack’ manufacturing, which reduces the weight of non-active materials, composite graphite-silicon anodes, and pre-lithiation, improving on LFP’s inherent limitations.
Shang points out Chinese battery manufacturer Guozuan’s claims that its latest LFP battery achieves cell-level energy density of 210 Wh/kg. That puts it on par with NCM523 (5 parts nickel, 2 parts cobalt).
LFP takeup outside China is also expected to rise with the expiry of a crucial LFP patent in 2022. The patent, held in part by the University of Texas, Hydro Quebec and Johnson Matthey, makes LiFePO4 conductive by coating it with carbon.
LFP is also increasing in popularity for other applications such as renewable energy storage, two and three-wheel vehicles and backup power for 5G base stations, according to Shang.
Zimbabwe Miners Federation (ZMF) Secretary-General Mr Morgan Mugawu on Thursday emphasized safety in the mining sector as the main thrust of the organization and all miners.
Shantel T Chisango
Speaking at a ZMF Stakeholder meeting held in Msasa yesterday, Mugawu said partnering towards the success of achieving the 12 billion goal by 2023 safety and health is the main thrust of the organization.
The mining sector has been hit with a huge number of accidents, and the numbers have been surging due to the lack of proper safety and health conditions.
He further gave thanks to Nyaradzo Funeral Services, Cassava Smartech for being major sponsors of the event and to all service providers who are going to partner with ZMF.
During the meeting, ZMF President Ms. Henrietta Rushwaya cordially invited the present parties to join the organization.
“We cordially invite you to become ZMF members and please note that there are quite many advantages that go with being associated with our brand. Throughout the year we will be conducting seminars, conferences and other outreach programmes and we would like you to form part of our big ZMF family. These events bring key stakeholders and general councillors from associations dotted around the nation to the table, these provide network opportunities,” Rushwaya said.
The meeting was held at ZMF headquarters in Msasa and was attended by over 25 firms that are willing to partner with ZMF in its journey.
The membership categories comprised of Platinum Membership at $3,000USD, Diamond membership $2,000, Gold Membership $1,000, Silver Membership $500 and lastly Bronze Membership $350.
New members include Econet Insurance, Ivory Gold Pvt Ltd, CureChem, UNESCO Chirinda, Innovative Industrial Safety Solutions, YAN LIN Private Company among others.
The Zimbabwe Miners Federation (ZMF) is working on coming up with initiatives of mitigating unprecedented production loss by artisanal and small-scale miners in the wake of the novel coronavirus outbreak.
By Precious Chikuruwo
Speaking to Mining Zimbabwe at an event hosted by the Zimbabwe Miners Federation (ZMF), Chief Executive Officer (ZMF) Mr. Wellington Takavarasha said, ZMF is working on coming up with initiatives of mitigating against unprecedented production loss by artisanal and small-scale miners in the wake of COVID-19 outbreak.
“The Covid-19 pandemic has affected and disrupted lives, livelihoods with the artisanal and small-scale mining communities in Zimbabwe and globally. ZMF is coming up with initiatives and innovations to minimise the impact on public health and to limit disruptions along the value chain. Governments across the globe are relaxing containment measures and economies beginning to open,” Takavarasha said.
ZMF hasn’t backdown ever since they signed three strategic partnerships aimed at capacitating small-scale miners in their quest to ramp up production in line with the government’s vision of growing mining to a US$12 billion industry by 2023.
Yesterday ZMF announced that over 25 service providers had partnered with the Federation. The members include Econet Insurance, Ivory Gold Pvt Ltd, CureChem, UNESCO Chirinda, Innovative Industrial Safety Solutions, YAN LIN Private Company among others.
The membership categories comprise of Platinum Membership for US$3,000, Diamond membership at US$2,000, Gold Membership for US$1,000, Silver Membership for US$500 and lastly Bronze Membership for US$350.
The new members yesterday pledged to work with the ZMF in an endeavour to increase output in the country.
25 firms partner ZMF as the Federation pushes towards US$12 billion industry
Over 25 service providers in the mining sector have signed a strategic partnership with the Zimbabwe Miners Federation (ZMF) on Thursday aimed at capacitating small scale and artisanal miners in their quest to improve mining production in line with President Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa’s vision of growing the mining sector to a US$12 BILLION industry by 2023.
Rudairo Dickson Mapuranga
Speaking at the Zimbabwe Miners Federation Stakeholders Meeting held at their headquarters, the Federation President Ms Henrietta Rushwaya said it was crucial for mining service providers to join or partner ZMF as this will benefit both parties in growth and development.
Rushwaya said the partnerships will benefit the mining sector and help achieve the US$12 BILLION target while service providers will benefit by being more exposed to over 40 thousand registered small-scale miners and over 1.5 million unregistered miners.
The meeting was initiated to enable the biggest mining body and service providers to find ideas and ways on how to build a better small to medium scale mining sector.
“We cordially invite you to become ZMF members and please note that there is quite a number of advantages that go with being associated with our brand”.
“Throughout the year we will be conducting seminars, conferences, workshops, and other outreach programs.
“These events bring key stakeholders and general councillors from associations dotted around the nation to the table.
“As ZMF we have data for over 1.5 Million artisanal miners and thousands of registered operating small-scale mining ventures.
“To achieve the US$12 billion mining industry, we have to work hand in glove with service providers that is why we called you,” Ms. Henrietta Rushwaya said.
The membership categories comprised of Platinum Membership at $3,000USD, Diamond membership $2,000, Gold Membership $1,000, Silver Membership $500 and lastly Bronze Membership $350.
ZMF aims to achieve over 20 tonnes of gold deliveries to the country’s sole gold buyer and exporter from March to December of 2021 from both small-scale and artisanal miners. The partnership with equipment and service providers has come at a crucial juncture when Zimbabwe is looking to grow the mining sector.
According to Rushwaya, to accelerate the growth and development of the small scale and artisanal sector, mining service providers not limited to Finance and banking, digital solutions, asset insurance, equipment manufacturers and suppliers, mining consumables, safety and health, and legal assistance services are crucial and essential in the journey.
Mining equipment suppliers and service providers who graced the occasion all pledged to support ZMF in its pursuit to see the growth and development of the small-scale and artisanal mining sector to modern mining methods.
The companies include among others, CureChem, STC, Econet Cassava Smarttech, Nyaradzo Funeral Services, Duly’s, Innovative Industrial Safety Solutions, Yanlin and Ivory Gold Pvt Ltd.
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While cheaper to manufacture, LFP seemed at odds with Tesla’s sporty, luxury image.
