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Fifty-year-old Rosemary Chiadzwa of Ward 30 in Chiadzwa village was in the company of her niece at a business centre widely known as maSugar Sugar in Marange in Manicaland where she sells vegetables to support her family when the horror unfolded.

What appeared like any normal working day one afternoon in 2015 soon became a traumatic lifetime experience for the two.

Chiadzwa and her niece were about to head home when a joint army and police reaction team  descended on the business centre to arrest suspected diamond dealers.

“I thought my niece was also going to be set free so I went straight home.

“She eventually got home, only to tell me that she had been sexually abused by the soldier without her consent or protection in exchange of her freedom,” Chiadzwa recalls the ordeal.

This incident may have happened nearly seven years ago, but  the sexual abuses have intensified over the years says Chiadzwa who now lives in constant fear of being raped herself.

Chiadzwa, who lost her husband in 2005, said her marital status has made her a soft target of soldiers, who have been making sexual advances towards her.

She says her children and grandchildren are now being used as hostages as they are arbitrarily arrested as a way to force her into giving in to the  sexual advances.

“What we are going through in Chiadzwa as women is very painful, especially now that they know that I’m a widow,” Chiadzwa said.

“They come at my house even in the middle of the night asking whether there are any diamond dealers inside.

“But they know it’s just me, my three children and three grandchildren.

“I now live in constant fear of being raped at any moment.”

Chiadzwa’s case characterises the experiences of many women in the vast diamond concession who are either into vending or run small shops to support their families as job opportunities from diamond companies are hard to come by.

“Soldiers are not doing their core business,” said Marvelous Mawoyo of Tinoengana village, who sells fruits and vegetables.

“They are supposed to protect the community and not harass us.

“If they propose to you and you reject the proposal they will make your life difficult.

“And they don’t care whether you are married or not.”

Ellen Nyadongo of Chiadzwa village who also sells vegetables, recalled one night when she got arrested and ended up being physically assaulted after she refused to submit to sexual advances made by a soldier, who had arrested her.

Queen Mutamba of Chirasika village, who sells eggs and clothes, said at times the security agents forcefully take away their wares “if we can’t pay the fine”.

It emerged that when the soldiers assist  female villagers climb into the military or police trucks, they indecently touch their private parts and force them to interlock legs with men who would have also been apprehended.

The villagers said their daughters were also being impregnated by members of the security forces.

Investigations supported by Information for Development Trust (IDT) — a non-profit making outfit probing bad governance — showed that Marange women were subjected to an array of gross human rights violations and crimes.

These ranged from arbitrary arrests, detentions, extortion, bribes and sexual abuses.

While cases of sexual abuses were mainly attributed to military personnel, it was also found that police officers were working in cahoots with their army counterparts to abuse their authority by arbitrarily arresting bona fide Marange villagers during raids meant to clamp down on diamond dealers.

Police and army are equally involved in corruption where they order arrested villagers to pay
$2 000 in bribes (at the time of the investigation) to secure their release or risk detention at a security base for three nights where they are made to sing continuously without food and are subjected to manual labour.

Moreover, state security personnel demand bribes of between US$5 to US$10 from small business owners operating at various business centres in Marange.

Bars are made to pay as much as US$50.

“We are told that the money is for shop licences,” said Irene Sithole, who runs a shop at maSugar Sugar business centre.

Sithole said the Mutare Rural District Council (RDC), which oversees the area, has not been issuing shop licenses to Marange businesses since it is a protected area.

This, she added has created an environment conducive for corruption.

“Generally, they charge between US$5 to US$10 per raid but no receipts are given,” Sithole said.

“At one point I paid US$80 for a shop license valid for one month, which is too much.

“Recently  I was arrested on allegations that I was keeping gwejas (diamond dealers) at my shop.

“The charges are absurd, how can I tell whether people who hang around or frequent my shop are diamond dealers or not?” she wondered.

Investigations indicated that Mutare RDC is not accepting any new applications for shop licences.

New licences are only accepted under stringent conditions where the authority receives written recommendations from the diamond concession holders.

Mutare RDC has the sole responsibility to issue shop licences to all legal businesses in the eastern border district comprising Marange and Zimunya communal lands after paying the relevant fees and adherence to planning and health requirements.

The annual fees paid by operators in Marange could not be established as the council indicated that they vary according to business classes.

Community led audits identified up to 11 army and police bases broken down as three each in Chiadzwa and Tonhorai villages; one each in Tinoengana, Tarindwa, Chishingwi, Mkwada and Kusena villages.

The audits also identified up to six business centres, namely maSugar Sugar, maCrush, Chingome, Machangwa, Chimbiya, and Tenda with a population of over 300 small and big shops.

It was gathered through these community led audits that the various army and police bases, including ZRP Bambazonke take turns to raid the centres at least twice a week where they net up to US$6 000 in bribes.

“Bambazonke police say that they are sent by Mutare RDC to collect money for shop licences,” said Sithole.

However, inquiries with Mutare RDC chief executive officer Shepherd Chinaka indicated otherwise.

“Council has no knowledge of bribes being paid to police or army.

“We recommend those who have encountered such situations to report to the relevant authorities,” said Chinaka.

Zimbabwe National Army spokesperson Lieutenant Colonel Alfios Makotore said any allegations with a criminal element levelled against soldiers must be directed to the Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP).

ZRP spokesperson Assistant Commissioner Paul Nyathi issued a stern warning against rogue officers.

“ZRP is not aware,” Nyathi said.

“We appeal for people to come and report those cases either in Mutare or directly to our headquarters, so that investigations are conducted.

“If there are any members of the forces involved in any cases of corruption or (sexual) abuse, I assure you they will be dealt with accordingly.

“But firstly, we encourage those making the allegations to make formal reports.”

However, it was gathered that reports have previously been made without any arrests being made as the security agents devise means to protect the perpetrators.

“They remove or hide their force numbers when they are committing the crimes.

“If you go to report, the superiors at the bases simply remove the officer from the parade and the matter ends there.

“I think they also take advantage of us. They see us as mere villagers, who are ignorant of their rights,” said Otilia Chipise (59) of Muedzengwa village.

The villagers appealed to President Emmerson Mnangagwa’s government to intervene and put an end to the series of sexual abuses and extortion cases in Marange involving security agents.

“I think they should be able to clearly differentiate between gwejas and bona fide villagers,” said Rosemary Changadzi of Muedzengwa village, who sells fruits and vegetables.

“We need to be protected by way of law, and IDs can be used to prove that. But the problem are the soldiers.

“They pretend to be illiterate and order you to show their bosses at the bases only for you to spend three nights there.

“So, they should be instructed that their business is not to harass members of the community before they are deployed,”

Records from the Mines ministry indicate that there is a total of 4 300 families that were up for relocation in the vast diamond concessions.

However, additional records from the Mutare district administrator’s office indicated that only 1 100 families were relocated to Arda Transau Relocation Area.

Technically, this leaves out a total of 3 200 families still trapped in the diamond fields and undergoing untold challenges at the hands of state security agents.

The Zimbabwe Consolidated Diamond Company (ZCDC) is on record acknowledging human rights violations by security forces.

ZCDC’s private security has undergone several human rights trainings spearheaded by the Zimbabwe Environmental Lawyers Association to better their conduct within communities.

Over the years, state security agents have been accused of gross human rights violations and fuelling organised diamond pilferage.

When ZCDC took over the former diamond fields, its former acting chief executive officer Roberto De Pretto also said while there were no security problems under their claims, serious security breaches were emanating from areas protected by state security.

The Standard 

AUSTRALIA Stock Exchange listed miner, Prospect Lithium Zimbabwe (PLZ) allegedly attempted to evade taxes in a deal clinched to transfer Arcadia lithium fields into its name about four years ago, multiple court actions and internal correspondence showed last week.

Mandizha & Company, a law firm representing Fredrick Mubaira, who owns part of claims on which PLZ is developing Arcadia Mine near Harare, alleged in High Court papers submitted on April 11, 2022, that the firm was determined to evade duties due to the state at every twist and turn.

After PLZ announced substantial lithium finds on a block where Mubaira and another Zimbabwean were mining gold, the parties agreed to evaluate the value of the resource. After that a settlement would be arranged, High Court papers said.

“In using the said modus operandi Mr Nyasowa made it unequivocally plain to our client that they had to misrepresent the price to the ministry, and therefore government, to enable PLZ to avoid paying the actual and real duty arising from the transaction,” Mandizha & Company said in the High Court papers.

They have also send a copy of the High Court papers to Shanghai Stock Exchange listed Chinese giant, Zhejiang Hoayou Cobalt Limited, which is currently securing requisite multiple approvals to take over the claims, after agreeing to pout US$378 million to take over 87% shareholding in PLZ.

“The conduct of Mr Nyasowa, and by extension PLZ, is fraudulent in various respects, not least, illegally avoiding paying the correct duty to government,” the lawyers stated in the court papers.

“He also, cajoled, forced and convinced our client that the US$55 000 was of no concern to the ministry since our client would enter into a substantive contract with PLZ and its counter parties in due course. “Deploying economic duress and taking advantage of our client’s low literacy and low bargaining power, Mr Greaves (of PLZ) coerced and cajoled our client into signing the said “agreement”.

“This agreement is a fraud, not least because the US$5 000 (as stated in papers to the ministry) was not paid, and has not been paid to our client, nor was it even the contract sum,” the lawyers said.

They went further to state: “He (Nyasowa) refused to give (our) client a copy assuring him that he would get one once all directors had signed. Using fraud, misrepresentation and the same tactics…all of which are reminiscent of the infamous Rudd Concession of 1888, Mr Nyasowa directed our client to lie on the transfer forms that the purchase price was US$5 000”.

Mubaira’s High Court battle to repossess the gold and lithium fields further exposes shocking laxity in mineral claims administration in Zimbabwe, where wrangles have swamped the legal system. He is also suing the Ministry of Mines and Mining Development, the custodian of the country’s mineral resources.

The Arcadia asset holds sway on the global lithium industry due to high grade ore, whose first samples have attracted international attention.

Lithium is a key raw material in the production of electric vehicle batteries. PLZ and the Ministry of Mines and Mining Development had not filed their responses by Wednesday.

The Independent 

VILLAGERS in Mutoko face the increasing risk of injury and even death in open pits left by Chinese companies mining granite stone in their areas without regard to environmental restoration.

Mining companies are obliged to clean up and fill back open-pit sites and also carry out corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities in the communities they operate in.

According to treehugger.com, this can be done through flattening solid waste and placing it back inside the pit.

However, this is not happening in Mutoko where villagers and Chinese granite mining companies are embroiled in a battleof attrition over the mining activities and possible displacements of the villagers from their ancestral lands.

The villagers, who are also receiving threats from local authorities and being barred from talking to the media, told the Independent that the Chinese granite mining companies were not taking responsibility over the environmental destruction.

They said the companies were not cleaning up the open-pits, putting both livestock and people at risk.

The communities, who are supposed to be consulted, have been excluded from the prospecting stages. Instead, they have observed Chinese nationals visiting their villages in the company of traditional leaders, politicians or officials from the local authority.

This is on the backdrop of numerous factors that include the deliberate violation of the law, connivance between the investors and influential community leaders, out-dated laws and politically-induced fear.

On the issue at hand, ordinarily, the Environmental Management Agency (Ema) is supposed to ensure the sustainable management of natural resources and protection of the environment, the prevention of pollution and environmental degradation and the preparation of environmental plans for the management and protection of the environment.

However, villagers say the agency was not making follow-ups with the companies, citing transport challenges.

A villager, who asked not to be named, said: “If you are unfortunate and your cow falls in the pit, you don’t get compensation for it. We are living in fear because these people (the Chinese miners) are known for beating up people. Even our roads are in shambles. They do whatever they want in our area and are not repairing anything, but instead, they are destroying the environment.”

He said villagers are fined for cutting down trees, but the Chinese firms are not being sanctioned for destroying the environment.

“These people are cutting down trees on vast pieces of land and leaving open pits everywhere, but they get away with it. We are not sure if the mandate of Ema is to fine just the villagers who cut down trees,” the villager said.

Investigations show that four Chinese mining companies, which started mining operations a long time back, have failed to meet their CSR.

The villagers  said the roads in these areas were now in a deplorable state as a result of the heavy equipment that transports the granite stone from the mining sites. In addition, they were also not allowed to fetch water from any of the boreholes drilled by the companies in and around their communities.

Another villager said: “Our government should come here to assess these companies because what we want as communities is development. Emamust do its job.

“The companies are supposed to respect our rights not for us to live in fear because they beat up locals. They are supposed to employ interpreters because we are also facing language barriers.

“If they violate our rights, they are also supposed to be arrested. No one is above the law,” she said.

Zimbabwe Environmental Law Agency (Zela) executive director Shamiso Mtisi told the Independent that the assessments made so far indicated glaring shortcomings on the miners’ part, with most roads and bridges being destroyed and not being repaired.

He was, however, quick to point out that this was not to discourage Chinese investment in the country,but said there was need for political will to ensure that conflicts are avoided by enforcing compliance to CSR, stopping violation of human rights and deaths of livestock.

In cases where compensation was due, it should be delivered, Mtisi said.

He said the work being done as part of CSR was not enough, considering the amount of damage the companies were causing in the area.

“You will realise that most companies take time to fill up the pits or those areas that they will be extracting some granite and you will also observe that in terms of the environment, the companies have contributed to shaking of houses through vibration caused by their blasting,” Mtisi said.

“That causes some problems. Even the roads are in a very bad state, one would expect these companies to put some good gravel or some bridges to enable their big trucks to reach those areas. But it’s not happening.

“As companies that are into granite mining, we would expect them to do more in terms of fixing these bridges and roads, but they have actually damaged the bridges that were built long back.

“They should not be found wanting when it comes to ploughing back into the community.

“We also expect the rural district councilto benefit from the extraction of resources, but nothing is happening. So it’s a matter of extraction and they go. When they go, they leave open pits and sometimes they are taking grazing pastures and farming land which they leave degraded.”

He called on government to hold these miners accountable so that the standards that apply to big miners like Zimplats and Mimosa also apply to all other miners in the country.

“It’s the nature of the Chinese that they do not give any regard to the rights of locals. They disregard our rights and assume they are superior,” Mtisi said.

He said this was caused by poor legislative enforcement measures and political will on the part of government to ensure that the Chinese are accountable.

“When I refer to political will I refer to the fact that some of the Chinese will tell you that they have been told to start mining, but were not aware to the laws we will be referring to,” Mtisi said.

But Ema education and publicity officer Astas Mabwe implored Zimbabweans to desist from discriminating against the Chinese.

“From the bi-annual environmental audits we carry out as Ema, most granite mining companies are complying with the conditions set out in their environmental impact assessment certificates,” he said.

“The companies have all the required licences. On rehabilitation, granite mining companies say granite mining can be migratory within the claim precincts depending on the costs and quality.

“Ema ordered all granite mining companies to fence off their claims to avoid any mishaps involving community life. They all complied. As for community social responsibility, community leaders are responsible for following up with the respective companies depending on their agreements,” Mabwe said.

Both the councillor and the CEO of the Mutoko Rural District Council refused to respond to questions sent, insisting on face-to-face interviews.

The Independent 

OUTPUT from Zimbabwe’s gold mines firmed to 7,6 tonnes during the first quarter, driven by fresh investments into resuscitating idle assets, as big operators deepened shafts.

The sector produced four tonnes during the same period in 2021, according to market data.

But already, experts are seeing production gaining traction during the coming quarters, with output potentially hitting the 50-tonne mark by year end, from 29,6 tonnes last year.

Along with fresh investments, government chipped in with a string of intervention to bolster production in the past year, including setting up incentive schemes that defused the appetite to smuggle, according to Irvine Chinyenze, chief executive officer at the Gold Miners Association of Zimbabwe.

Firming international prices were also behind the rebound, experts said.

Chinyenze told this publication that miners benefited from Fidelity Printers and Refineries’ consistency in paying for gold delivered.

“We have a lot of investment going towards mining,” he said.

“Outside of manufacturing and probably agriculture, mining is the next best thing in terms of economic activity with very significant returns. We have seen quite a bit being done and being channelled into the mining sector. And obviously when that happens, the result is an upward trajectory. We have also seen consistency in terms of payments and the pricing regime at the refinery has improved, which is quite commendable,” Chinyenze told NewsDay Business.

Victoria Falls Stock Exchange listed resources giant, Caledonia Mining Corporation saw its output rise after completing a major shaft deepening project, while Padenga reopened a major operation in Mashonaland Central.

Chinyenze said that as a result of incentives and timely payments, the appetite to smuggle gold had fizzled.

“There is very little motivation to smuggle at present as far as small scale miners are concerned. Somebody can’t take risks to smuggle to South Africa, Zambia or any other nation. So this has been one of the major factors towards the deliveries that we are seeing. While prices are not at par with those obtaining on the world markets, they are significant enough to deter smuggling and improve deliveries,” Chinyenze said.

Economist Victor Bhoroma told this publication that higher output was underpinned by increased forex retention thresholds.

“The increase in gold production is largely to do with the gold incentive scheme (GIS), which allows producers to retain 100% of the export earnings,” Bhoroma said.

“Under the GIS, the RBZ allows some gold exporters to retain up to 100% of their gold earnings depending on their output. Under the arrangement, gold producers are also allowed to export their processed mineral equivalent to the incremental portion and secure loans for production. There is a lot of momentum due to firm world prices, government incentives and increased investment by large scale producers. Production will be between 45 and 50 tonnes this year,” he said.

Central bank chief John Mangudya early this year said Zimbabwe was targeting gold deliveries to rise to between 35 and 40 tonnes.

Gold is envisaged to rack in US$4 billion and expected to drive government’s ambitious plan of a US$12 billion mining industry by 2023. Output is envisaged to reach 100 tonnes in 2023.

Newsday

Arcadia lithium has officially been handed over to its new owners, Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt Co., Limited, a move that will catapult Zimbabwe’s bid to become a significant lithium concentrate producer in the world, while putting Zimbabwe on a strategic path in the promotion of the world’s new energy revolution.

Rudairo Mapuranga/ Prince Sunduzani

The Shanghai stock exchange-listed, new owners, have pledged to enhance their activities in the country in line with Zimbabwe’s drive to grow its mining economy significantly through enhanced production.

They have vowed to hit the ground running and are expecting to begin production soon, although no specific date was mentioned.

The company is eying becoming one of top tier players in lithium mining industry as the world is rapidly shifting towards clean energy.

As they take over, they have pledged to continue working with the people of Zimbabwe while developing sustainable livelihoods in their host country.

The signing was held on Wednesday and was graced by the Minister of, Mines and Mining Development Winston Chitando, and Company officials from both Prospect Resources and Hauyou.

Arcadia lithium mine is estimated to produce 300,000 – 500,000 tonnes per annum (tpa) of lithium concentrates during its mine life.

The company’s Excutive Vice Chairman George Fang said: “On December 22 last year, Huayou signed an agreement with Prospect to acquire the Arcadia project. After 4 months of joint efforts by the teams from China, Zimbabwe and Australia, the transaction has all conditions precedents satisfied or waved to close today. This is a gratifying, exciting and inspiring millstone. We are well aware that the closing of the transaction is inseparable from the hard work of Prospect and the great contributions of all of you. Thank you for your understanding, support and help in this journey so far.”

“Through you, Honourable Minister, please convey our heartfelt gratitude to His Excellency, The President of Zimbabwe, Dr E. D. Mnanqaqwa for his vision and leadership to transform Zimbabwe into a middle-income country by 2030.
Through this project, Honourable Minister, we are ready to contribute to the 12 billion dollars revenue by 2023.”

Commenting on the transaction, Prospect managing director and CEO Sam Hosack said: “Huayou’s pedigree as a leading electric vehicle battery precursor and cathode materials producer opens up opportunities in Zimbabwe and supports our strategy both in Zimbabwe and the broader sub-Saharan region.

“The transaction, being the culmination of years of effort progressing and developing the Arcadia Project to this point is a testament to the skills and expertise of the Prospect team, who are now firmly focused on the path ahead, to build the next iteration of Prospect, a developer of lithium and battery and electrification metals projects.”

In December 2021, Zhejiang agreed to purchase a 100 per cent stake in the Arcadia hard-rock lithium mine in Zimbabwe from Prospect Lithium Zimbabwe.
Located near Harare, the Arcadia project is considered one of the world’s biggest hard rock lithium resources.

Speaking to Mining Zimbabwe at the sidelines of the event Minister of Mines and Mining Development Winston Chitando said the government has blessed the takeover of Arcadia lithium by Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt which will see the mine increase production.

It came after gold deliveries   for the period under review jumped 92% to 7.695 tonnes from 4.016 tonnes in the comparable period.

The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ) governor John Mangudya told Business Times that the spike in international gold prices has pushed the export receipts for the country.

“If the current trend continues, the bullion is poised to reach impressive figures of above US$2bn by year end,” Mangudya said.

He said there was a combination of both good gold deliveries to Fidelity Printers and Refineries (FPR) and firming international prices.

The March 2022 gold output spiked 39% to 2.564 tonnes from 1.8 tonnes  achieved  during the comparable  period  following the 5% mining incentives put in place by the central bank.

FPR acting general manager Peter Magaramombe said the country should capitalise on international gold prices to ramp up production.

“There is a huge need to ramp up production following the firm commodity prices on the international market,” Magaramombe said.

Of the 7.695 tonnes delivered during the first quarter of 2022, small scale miners delivered 4.949 tonnes against 2.746 tonnes from large scale miners.

The Chamber of Mines of Zimbabwe  chief executive officer Isaac Kwesu  said various miners  were riding on the current strong mineral prices hence strong investments are needed.

“Miners should invest wisely on the proceeds of the good prices  that have  characterised the country’s  mining industry,” Kwesu said.

He said though the output is fairly good, there is still a long way to go to achieve an average of 8.3 tonnes per month to reach 100 tonnes a year.

Business Times